Background Characteristics and Cognitive Factors as Determinants of Oral Health in Pregnant Women, Tehran, Iran: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Objectives: Pregnancy can lead to oral health issues, yet many women remain unaware of the potential negative impact on their pregnancy. This study aimed to assess the dental and periodontal health of pregnant women in Tehran, Iran, and identify its associated factors. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 221 pregnant women attending 12 randomly selected public health centers in Tehran, Iran. A self-administered questionnaire gathered data on background characteristics, oral health knowledge, and self-reported health. Periodontal status, oral hygiene, and dental health were assessed using bleeding on probing (BOP), simplified oral health (OHI-S), and decayed-missing-filled teeth (DMFT) indices. Statistical analysis included simple and multiple linear regression (P<0.05). Results: The participants' ages ranged from 18 to 42 years (mean: 27.9 years, SD: 5.5). On average, participants scored 4.1 out of 11 (SD: 1.7) for general oral health knowledge and 1.62 out of 4 (SD: 0.9) for knowledge about oral health during pregnancy. The mean DMFT was 8.28 (SD: 5.7), with 65.6% of women having fair oral hygiene according to the OHI-S. Participants reporting poor general health had more debris (B: 0.276, P=0.043), while those with higher general oral health knowledge had fewer missing teeth (B: -0.183, P=0.048). Conclusion: Despite partial free oral health care provided to pregnant women in Iran, the dental and periodontal conditions of the participants were unsatisfactory. Implementing motivational educational programs within the primary health care system could be instrumental in improving the oral health of pregnant mothers.

Association of Urine (pH < 5.5) with Community Periodontal Index (CPI) and the Number of Remaining Teeth in Korean Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study Using Data from Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2016-2018.

This study aims to determine the association between UpH (<5.5), Community Periodontal Index (CPI), and the number of remaining teeth-cumulative indicators of oral health-using data from the 7th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES, 2016-2018), which represents the Korean population. Data from 12,689 adults aged 19 years and older who had periodontal examinations were analyzed. Logistic regression analysis was performed after adjusting for demographic, health, and health-related behavioral factors as covariates to determine the association between UpH, CPI, and the number of remaining teeth. This study found that UpH (<5.5) was associated with CPI and the number of remaining teeth. For UpH (<5.5), the odds ratio for CPI (≥4 mm) was 1.19 times (95% CI: 1.06-1.33). The risk of tooth loss was 1.25 times (95% CI: 1.06-1.48) for those with 0-19 remaining teeth and 1.20 times (95% CI: 1.07-1.34) for those with 20-27 teeth. The results revealed an association between UpH, CPI, and the number of remaining teeth. However, further longitudinal research on UpH and oral status is necessary.

Mobile Application-Based Support for Periodontal Treatment Improves Clinical, Cognitive, and Psychomotor Outcomes: A Randomized Controlled Trial Study.

This study aims to evaluate the clinical, cognitive, and psychomotor changes that emerged among patients with gingivitis and patients with periodontitis via mobile application assistance. Forty subjects were randomly and evenly distributed into test and control groups and were administered a professional mechanical plaque removal (PMPR) procedure. The clinical parameters examined were bleeding on probing (BoP), probing pocket depth (PPD), and the oral hygiene index (OHI-S). The test group was administered a mobile application intervention, namely PerioUICare, which provided users with continuous education and motivation and served as a daily dental hygiene reminder. The comparative results of the mean values of all parameters between the groups (inter-group) and within the groups (intra-group) after one- and three-month evaluations were analyzed. A one-month inter-group evaluation uncovered significant differences in the BoP, PPD, cognitive, and psychomotor scores of subjects with gingivitis and the BoP, OHI-S, cognitive, and psychomotor scores of subjects with periodontitis. A three-month inter-group evaluation revealed significant differences across all parameters except for PPD in subjects with periodontitis. The results of the intra-group comparison demonstrated statistically significant differences in all parameters in the test group but no significant differences in the cognitive and psychomotor scores of the control group. This study revealed that mobile application-based support for periodontal treatment can be considered effective.

Evaluation of characteristics of periodontal probes

Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the millimeter distances and active tip diameters of different periodontal probes. Methods: Two types of periodontal probes were analyzed (North Carolina (15-UNC) and PCP-12). Two manufacturers were selected for each probe type. Digital images of the probes were obtained and the distances were measured using a software program. The diameter of the active tip was measured using a digital caliper. Both variables were measured by two trained and calibrated examiners. The data were analyzed using the Bland-Altman method and two-way ANOVA with Tukey's post-hoc test. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05. Results: A comparison of measurements between the 15UNC and PCP-12 probes showed a significant difference in all millimeter markings. The 15-UNC probe showed differences between the 3 and 12 mm markings. The PCP-12 probe only showed differences between the marks at the 12 mm mark. The 15-UNC probe had a similar active tip diameter between the two manufacturers. The PCP-12 probe showed a significant difference between the two manufacturers. Both types of probes had similar active tip diameters when compared by the two manufacturers. Conclusion: There was no standardization in relation to millimeter marks and tip diameters of the two types of periodontal probes produced by the two different manufacturers. The probe types exhibited little variability

Impact of dietary inflammatory index on gingival health.

BACKGROUND: Periodontal disease is a biofilm-dependent chronic inflammatory condition triggered by a host response. Several factors impact systemic inflammation and could lead to changes in disease pathogenesis. Recently, studies have assessed the influence of nutritional patterns on the development of periodontitis. In the present cross-sectional study, we evaluated the dietary inflammatory profile on periodontal conditions, focusing on clinical, subgingival microbial, and cytokine assessment of individuals with periodontal health or gingivitis. METHODS: One hundred patients with periodontal health or gingivitis were included. Plaque index (PI), Bleeding on probing (BoP), the probing depth (PD), and the clinical attachment level (CAL) for each patient were assessed. Nutritional data and the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) were recorded by two 24-h food recalls on non-consecutive days. Biofilm and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) to assess the microbiome profile and inflammatory biomarkers were collected. Multiple regressions focused on the DII, age, and sex as predictors of periodontal conditions were done. RESULTS: Age and moderate DII scores increased the risk of gingivitis by 1.64 and 3.94 times, respectively. Males with an elevated DII score had 27.15 times higher odds of being diagnosed with gingivitis and BoP (ß = 6.54; p = 0.03). Elderly patients with a moderate or high DII score were less prone to gingivitis and increased BoP (p < 0.04) compared with younger subjects. Considering the DII, there were no differences in microbial alpha and beta diversity; however, distinct species abundance and a higher concentration of monocyte-chemoattractant protein-1 and interleukin 33 were seen in patients with a higher DII. CONCLUSION: A pro-inflammatory diet significantly contributes to periodontal inflammation, modulating inflammatory biomarkers and affecting the subgingival microbial community in healthy individuals.

Periodontal Disease in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.

Statement of the Problem: Most of the studies assessing the relationship between systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and periodontal disorder are focused on patients with previously diagnosed SLE whose periodontal hygiene may be influenced by immunosuppressive therapies. Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the frequency of periodontal disease among patients with newly diagnosed lupus before starting immunosuppressive therapy and its association with presenting laboratory and clinical symptoms of lupus. Materials and Method: This case-control cross-sectional study was conducted on 36 consecutive newly diagnosed SLE patients before starting any treatment. The control group consisted of first-degree relatives of the patients whose demographic and social characteristics matched with the patients and who had no personal history of a disease. Periodontal indices included community periodontal index (CPI) and plaque index (PI). Results: Participants in both groups had some degree of periodontal disorder. The mean value of CPI was 1.47±0.82 and 1.31±0.72 in SLE patients and healthy subjects (P=0.84), respectively. Moreover, the mean values of PI were 1.15±0.55 and 1.17±0.46 in SLE patients and controls, (P=0.37), respectively. Besides, the frequency of periodontal disorders based on CPI score (positive: higher than two) was 22.2% in SLE patients and 16.7% in controls (P=0.55). Moreover, there was no association between periodontal disease and lupus-related clinical and laboratory characteristics in our patients. Conclusion: The frequency of periodontal disorders is similar between newly diagnosed lupus patients without undergoing immunomodulatory therapies and healthy controls with the same demographic and social characteristics. Moreover, periodontitis was not associated with clinical and laboratory symptoms of our patients.

Analyze the clinical effect of YAG laser combined with sodium hypochlorite in root canal treatment of pulpitis.

OBJECTIVE: To compare and analyze the clinical therapeutic effects of sodium hypochlorite combined with Nd: YAG laser and sodium hypochlorite alone for root canal disinfection in patients with pulpitis. METHODS: Patients with pulpitis were divided into control group and observation group according to random number table method. Both groups received root canal treatment, while the control group received root canal irrigation with 1% sodium hypochlorite. The observation group was irrigated with 1% sodium hypochlorite combined with Nd: YAG laser. Periodontal index, inflammatory index, life quality score and bacterial infection clearance rate of the two groups were compared before and 3 months after treatment. RESULTS: The total effective rate of the observation group was 95.35%, which was higher than that of the control group 79.07% (p < .05). After 3 months of treatment, the periodontal index and inflammation level of both groups decreased, and the observation group was lower than that in the control group (p < .05). The life quality score and infection clearance rate of observation group were significantly higher than control group (p < .05). CONCLUSION: Compared with root canal irrigation with 1% sodium hypochlorite alone, sodium hypochlorite combined with Nd: YAG laser for root canal disinfection can significantly improve the therapeutic effect, relieve inflammatory reaction, and decrease bacterial infection.

Methods for Evaluating the Effectiveness of Home Oral Hygiene Measures-A Narrative Review of Dental Biofilm Indices.

Dental plaque is a biofilm structured in an extracellular matrix of polymers of host and microbial origin; the microorganisms can coexist in harmony with the host, thus guarantying oral health. Environmental modifications can lead to dysbiosis and onset of oral diseases; in fact, plaque is the etiological agent both of periodontal disease and dental decay. The use of an effective oral hygiene index should be considered as a relevant goal for the clinicians and the researchers, and consequently, numerous plaque indices have been proposed during the years. The present literature review aims primarily to obtain a complete summary of these scores to assess plaque deposits. It is useful because the clinician/researcher will select the right scoring method for the specific situation only if he knows the available options and if he is aware of both their strengths and weaknesses. This review applies a basic classification of plaque indices that distinguishes the ones that use non-quantitative methods from the ones that use quantitative methods. Non-quantitative methods are more subjective because they are based on the ability of the clinician to point out the presence or the entity of deposits, while quantitative methods introduce objectifiable means to measure plaque deposits.

Adult periodontal comparison after treatment of palatally impacted canines aligned by conventional or accelerated minimally-invasive corticotomy-assisted orthodontic traction: A randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the post-treatment periodontal status of the palatally impacted canines and their adjacent teeth treated by an accelerated minimally-invasive corticotomy-assisted method versus the conventional traction method. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A parallel-group two-arm randomized controlled trial was conducted on patients with palatally or mid-alveolar unilateral impacted canines. Participants were randomly selected and allocated to receive the conventional treatment (CT) with a closed surgical approach, or accelerated treatment (CAT). The evaluated periodontal variables were periodontal pocket depth (PPD), keratinized tissue width (KTW), gingival recession level (GRL), papillary bleeding index (PBI) and Gingival Index (GI). All post-treatment periodontal measurements were performed two weeks after removing the fixed orthodontic appliance. RESULTS: In total, 46 patients were included (CT group: n=23; mean age: 20.26±2.17 years), or accelerated treatment (CAT group: n=23; mean age: 20.39±2.27 years). The differences between the two study groups were non-significant for all periodontal outcomes at all measurement points (P>.05). The mean total values of PPD around the aligned canine did not exceed 2mm (XPPD=1.99±0.25mm; 1.91±0.26mm, in the CT and CAT group, respectively, P=0.677). The results of total values of PPD on the adjacent teeth were nearly similar in the two study groups (mean difference: 0.12mm; 0.02mm, for the lateral incisor and the first premolar, respectively). Very low GRL values were detected in the two study groups. CONCLUSIONS: The use of corticotomy-assisted method did not impair the periodontal health in the short follow-up term. Both treatment modalities are considered acceptable in terms of post-treatment periodontal outcomes, as the gingival indices levels were at low values.

Patterns and predictors of periodontal disease and tooth loss among users of smokeless tobacco.

BACKGROUND: Smokeless tobacco (SLT) products of several different types are widely used in several South Asian countries including Pakistan. These products are consumed in different forms and with different names. The study aims to determine adverse effects of the SLT consumption on periodontal tissues. METHODS: This cross sectional study was conducted in Karachi, Pakistan. It recruited 377 users of (SLT) with 231 males (61.3%) and 146 females (38.7%) of age 15 to 45 years. After obtaining informed consent, quantitative data were collected via a questionnaire followed by intra oral clinical examination to determine presence of periodontal diseases using community periodontal index (CPI). To determine the association between periodontal diseases and smokeless tobacco consumption habits, Chi Square test was conducted. RESULTS: Gingival recession (Class II-IV) (65.8%) was the most prevalent periodontal disease among SLT users. CPI score was high (CPI score 3 and 4) in 31.3% participants, whereas tooth loss was found in 21%. Among types of SLT products, gutka (28.6%) and betel quid (23.3%) were most commonly used. Using SLT for five or more years was found to be associated with a high CPI score, gingival recession (Class II-IV), moderate to severe tooth mobility, and presence of tooth loss. CONCLUSIONS: The study found statistically significant association between duration in years of using SLT and periodontal disease including gingival recession, tooth mobility and tooth loss. However, no significant results were found between retention during single use and frequency of SLT use per day. However, the link of these factors with the periodontal disease cannot be eliminated.

Evaluation of periodontal status in women with polycystic ovary syndrome versus healthy women: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) affects approximately 4% to 12% of females of reproductive age. Previous studies have shown an association between systemic and periodontal diseases. This study aimed to compare the prevalence of periodontal disease in women with PCOS and healthy women. METHODS: A total of 196 women aged 17 to 45 years were included in this study. Oral hygiene index-simplified (OHI-S), gingival index (GI), community periodontal index (CPI), and loss of attachment (LA) were assessed. Individuals who smoked, were pregnant, had any systemic disease (such as type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, malignancy, osteoporosis, and thyroid dysfunction), had a history of systemic antibiotic use in the past three months, or received any periodontal intervention in the past 6 months of screening were excluded. Student t-test was used to analyze the data. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Despite similar OHI-S scores (p=0.972) in the two groups, women with PCOS had significantly higher GI, CPI, and LA scores than healthy women (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Periodontal disease was more prevalent in women with PCOS than in healthy women. This finding may be due to the synergistic effects of PCOS and periodontitis on proinflammatory cytokines. PCOS may have an effect on periodontal disease, and vice versa. Hence, education on periodontal health and early detection and intervention for periodontal diseases is of paramount importance in patients with PCOS.

The influence of smoking on oral neutrophils and matrix metalloproteinase-8 in periodontitis patients before and after nonsurgical treatment.

Objective: To evaluate and compare the oral neutrophil numbers (ONN) in saliva, the level of matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8) in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and the periodontal parameters in smokers versus non-smokers with periodontitis, before and after nonsurgical periodontal treatment (NSPT). Materials and method: 40 chronic periodontitis patients including 20 smokers and 20 non-smokers were enrolled in this quasi-experimental study. All patients were received the NSPT included instructing oral hygiene, scaling and root planing. At baseline (T0) and after NSPT 1 month (T1) and 3 months (T3), all patients were assessed for salivary ONN, GCF MMP-8, and clinical parameters like plaque index (PlI), gingival index (GI), bleeding on probing (BOP), probing pocket depth (PPD) and clinical attachment loss (CAL). The differences between the two groups were analyzed using the independent sample t-test and the Mann-Whitney U test; and the differences between T0, T1 and T3 of each group were analyzed with paired-samples t-test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test. The level of significance was set at 0.05. Results: The ONN was significantly less in smokers than in non-smokers although there was no significant difference in other parameters between the two groups at baseline (p > 0.05). All clinical periodontal parameters reduced significantly after 1 month and 3 months of NSPT in both groups (p < 0.01). PPD of non-smokers was significantly lower than those of smokers at T1 and T3. ONN and MMP-8 level showed a significant decrease in non-smoking subjects, while there was no significant difference in smoking ones after NSPT (T1 and T3). At 1 month after treatment, ONN tended to reduce in non-smokers whereas to increase in smokers significantly. Conclusion: Smoking reduced ONN, impaired treatment effect in reducing PPD, and changed the MMP-8 level in gingival crevicular fluid to NSPT. Trial registration: Identifier NCT04974502 in CLinicalTrials.gov.

Association between sickle cell disease and periodontal disease: A systematic review.

Previous studies have evaluated the association between sickle cell disease (SCD) and periodontal disease; however, their effect on the periodontal parameters remains unclear. This systematic review aimed to investigate whether individuals with sickle cell disease (SCD) increase the risks of periodontal disease more than those without. For the selection of eligible studies, an electronic search was conducted in the MEDLINE/PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Scopus databases. The meta-analysis was based on the inversion of variance using the mean difference (MD) of the continuous outcomes. The quality assessment of included studies was performed using the JBI Critical Appraisal Tools. In total, 13 studies and 2381 participants were included in the qualitative analysis, while 9 studies were considered for the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis indicated that patients with SCD present similar Plaque Index, Clinical Attachment Level, Bleeding on Probing, and Probing Depth when compared to healthy patients (p > .05). However, the Gingival Index was higher for patients with SCD (p = .0002; MD: 0.20). Compared to healthy patients, patients with SCD did not have an increase in periodontal parameters, except for the gingival index. However, further well-designed studies are recommended to reassess the association between SCD and periodontal diseases.

Reduced Number of Remaining or Healthy Teeth in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Cross-sectional Study Assessed by Dentists or Dental Hygienists in Japan.

Objective This study assessed the relationships between oral health (number of remaining and healthy teeth and periodontal disease) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) to contribute to improved patient care. Patients We conducted a cross-sectional cohort study of consecutive patients being regularly treated for chronic diseases (T2DM, hypertension, and dyslipidemia). A dentist or dental hygienist accurately evaluated the oral environment. Patients with fewer than 20 teeth were classified as having reduced remaining teeth (RRT). Results A total of 267 patients were enrolled, including 153 patients (57%) with T2DM and 114 without (43%). Patients with T2DM had 3 fewer remaining teeth on average than those without DM [median: 22 (interquartile range (IQR): 11-27) vs. median: 25 (IQR: 17.3-28), p=0.02]. In addition, patients with T2DM had 4 fewer healthy teeth on average than those without DM [median: 8 (IQR: 2.8-15) vs. median: 12 (IQR: 6-16), p=0.02]. The frequency of RRT was higher in the T2DM group (n=63; 41%) than in the non-DM group (n=31; 27%, p=0.02). Multivariable logistic regression for the presence of RRT in the T2DM group found that age [odds ratio (OR), 1.08; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.03-1.13; p<0.01] and regular dental consultations (OR, 0.28; 95% CI, 0.10-0.76; p=0.01) were independently and significantly associated. Conclusion The number of remaining or healthy teeth was significantly lower in patients with T2DM than in those without T2DM in current Japanese clinical practice. Regular dental consultation is recommended to preserve remaining teeth in patients with T2DM.

Application of bracketless invisible orthodontic treatment combined with restoration in patients with anterior esthetics.

To investigate the value of bracketless invisible orthodontic treatment combined with restoration in patients with anterior esthetic restoration. Sixty-two patients requiring esthetic restoration of anterior teeth admitted to our hospital from May 2019 to August 2022 were selected and divided into observation group and control group according to random number table, with 31 cases in each group. The patients in the control group were treated with repair, while patients in the observation group were treated with bracketless invisible correction treatment combined with repair. The patients in both groups were treated with repair. After 2 weeks, dental esthetics, periodontal index related parameters, patients' esthetic acceptance of restorations, and satisfaction were compared. The aesthetic restoration effect of teeth in the observation group was significantly better than that in the control group after treatment, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in GI, SPD, PLI, and SBI levels before and after treatment between the two groups (P > 0.05). The acceptance rate of prosthesis aesthetics in the observation group was 100.00%, which was significantly higher than that in the control group (83.87%), and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The satisfaction scores of restoration color, shape and coordination with adjacent teeth in the observation group were higher than those in the control group, and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Compared with simple restorative treatment, combined with bracketless invisible orthodontic treatment helps to further improve the esthetic restoration effect of anterior teeth, has less impact on the periodontal health of patients, and has higher patient acceptance and satisfaction.

Association between obesity and periodontal disease among 35 - 44 years old patients visiting Teerthanker Mahaveer Dental College and Research Centre, Moradabad: A cross sectional study.

Introduction: Obesity had been the most neglected public health problem increasing at an alarming rate affecting both the developed and developing countries. Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease which is highly prevalent worldwide affecting 20-50% of the global population. Thus, a research was conducted to evaluate the relationship between obesity and periodontal disease among 35-44-year-old patients who were visiting the Oral Medicine and Radiology Department (OMDR) in TMDCRC, Moradabad. Objective: To know the prevalence of obesity and periodontal health. To record the body mass index (BMI) and to co-relate with periodontal disease. To recommend preventive measures for periodontitis and the obese population. Materials and Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of OMDR, TMDCRC, Moradabad. A total of 566 subjects were examined aged 35-44 years visiting the out patient department (OPD) of the OMDR Department. Informed consent was obtained from the participants. Questionnaire-based proforma was used comprising information regarding oral hygiene practices, frequency of toothbrushing, and method of brushing. A World Health Organization (WHO)-modified 2013 assessment form was used to record the periodontal status of the participants. Results: The examination of 550 subjects was done. It was found that there is a significant association of periodontal disease in factors like BMI, age, gender, smoking status, and loss of attachment (LOA) is found in BMI, gender, smoking status, and smoking frequency. It was also found that there is a significant association of the community periodontal index (CPI) scores in obese individuals. Conclusion: The main aim is to find and control the risk factor and eliminate it. Our study confirms that obesity is one of the risk indicators of periodontitis. With the scope and limitations of the study, it has been concluded that obesity and periodontitis have a significant relationship with each other. This study states the importance of good oral hygiene maintenance in obese and normal patients.

Fixed and removable orthodontic retainers, effects on periodontal health compared: A systematic review.

The aim of this systematic review is to analyze the properties of the different types of orthodontic retainers, identify their differences and define which type of device is most effective and less harmful to periodontal health. Methods: A literature search was carried out by a reviewer by consulting PubMed, Lilacs, Embase, Medline full text, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane library, and Science Direct electronic databases for biomedical and health literature as well as the grey literature and setting up the search from December 2010 without any restriction about articles languages. Results: The results showed that patients who wear retainers for a long period have significant differences in clinical parameters compared to patients without retainers. The type of retainer chosen also significantly influences the overall periodontal health of patients. Fixed retainers, both glass-fibre reinforced and steel wire retainers, proved to be the retainer type with the highest plaque and calculus accumulation values compared to removable retainers. In addition, among fixed retainers, glass-fibre reinforced retainers proved to be those that mostly promote the plaque and calculus accumulation in the application site. Conclusion: Fixed retainers are the best devices to maintain the alignment of mandibular anterior teeth in the long term. Among these devices, stainless steel lingual retainers, plain or braided, should remain the first choice. Although they are also susceptible to periodontal complications, their effect on periodontal health can be considered statistically insignificant if compared to glass-fibre reinforced retainers which, showing worse periodontal complications, should not be used.

Periodontitis and the incidence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A longitudinal study of an adult Japanese cohort.

AIM: To examine the relationship between periodontitis as an independent effect of smoking and the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in Japanese people based on longitudinal data. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We targeted 4745 people who underwent pulmonary function tests and dental check-ups at baseline and 8 years later. The Community Periodontal Index was used to assess periodontal status. A Cox proportional hazard model was used to examine the relationship between the incidence of COPD and periodontitis and smoking. To clarify the interaction between smoking and periodontitis, interaction analysis was performed. RESULTS: In a multivariable analysis, both periodontitis and heavy smoking had significant effects on COPD development. When periodontitis was analysed as a continuous value (number of sextants with periodontitis) and as a category (presence or absence of periodontitis) in the multivariable analyses after adjusting for smoking, pulmonary function and other variables, periodontitis had significantly higher hazard ratios (HRs) for the incidence of COPD; the HRs were 1.09 (1.01-1.17) and 1.48 (1.09-2.02), respectively. Interaction analysis showed no significant interaction between heavy smoking and periodontitis on COPD. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that periodontitis has no interaction with smoking but has an independent effect on developing COPD.

Association between Smoking and Periodontal Disease in South Korean Adults.

Smoking poses a threat to global public health. This study analyzed data from the 2016-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey to investigate smoking's impact on periodontal health and identify potential risk factors associated with poor periodontal health in Korean adults. The final study population was 9178 patients, with 4161 men and 5017 women. The dependent variable was the Community Periodontal Index (CPI), to investigate periodontal disease risks. Smoking was the independent variable and was divided into three groups. The chi-squared test and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used in this study. Current smokers had a higher risk of periodontal disease than non-smokers (males OR: 1.78, 95% CIs = 1.43-2.23, females OR: 1.44, 95% CIs = 1.04-1.99). Age, educational level, and dental checkups affected periodontal disease. Men with a higher number of pack years had a higher risk of periodontal disease than non-smokers (OR: 1.84, 95% CIs = 1.38-2.47). Men who quit smoking for less than five years had a higher risk of periodontal disease than non-smokers but lower than current smokers (current OR: 1.78, 95% CIs = 1.43-2.23, ex OR: 1.42, 95% CIs = 1.04-1.96). Those who had quit smoking for less than five years had a higher risk of periodontal disease than non-smokers but lower than current smokers (males OR: 1.42, 95% CIs = 1.04-1.96, females OR: 1.11, 95% CIs = 1.71-1.74). It is necessary to motivate smokers by educating them on the importance of early smoking cessation.

Vitamin D levels and oral health in stroke patients during inpatient rehabilitation.

BACKGROUND: Stroke is a severe that restricts the individual's functions, effects the oral health. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between oral health and vitamin D levels in stroke patients in rehabilitation units. METHODS: Participants with stroke, and age- and sex-matched healthy controls were recruited for the study. Oral Health Impact Scale-14 (OHIP-14), Decayed, Missing, Filled Teeth (DMFT) Index, Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN), Gingival Index (GI) and Plaque Index (PI) were assessed for all participants. Barthel Index (BI), Brunnstrom Recovery Scale (BRS) and Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) assessed for the stroke patients. Vitamin D levels of each participant were recorded. RESULTS: The stroke patients' DMFT index and OHIP-14 values were higher than those of the healthy controls (p < .05). However, no significant differences were observed in terms of CPTIN, PI, or GI scores (p > .05). No statistically significant difference was determined in the DMFT index, OHIP-14 scores, Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN), PI (Plaque Index) and GI (Gingival Index) scores according to vitamin D levels among the stroke patients (p > .05). Stroke patients' functional scores (BRS, MAS and BI), vitamin D levels and oral health status (OHIP-14, DMFT, CPITN, PI and GI) were subjected to correlation analysis. This revealed significant negative correlation between BRS (arm, hand and leg), and BI and OHIP-14 scores (p < .05). CONCLUSION: Although the DMFT index and oral health-related quality of life were adversely affected in stroke patients, no relationship was found between vitamin D and oral health status.